Pain Management in People with Dementia - 770 Words

Dealing with aging dementia patients can be a challenge in and of itself. However, when healthcare providers need to include regulating pain as well, the challenge becomes even greater. Pain management with cognitively impaired patients is a constant problem within geriatric care in modern healthcare facilities (Zwakhalen et al 2006). The reduced self capacity to report pain in its true degrees then makes pain management a challenge for physicians and healthcare providers (Husebo et al. 2007). Thus, research aims to explore effective measures for observing and reporting pain management within aging dementia patients. Horgas et al. (2009) is an in-depth examination of the various factors that can be used to report pain within these specific groups of patients. The journal is from the American Geriatrics Society, and thus is clearly peer-reviewed. It is a thorough examination into how dementia patients report their own pain, as well as how their pain can be observed within actual practice. The data was then coded according to the American Hospital Formulary Service System (Horgas et al 2009). This clearly shows that the research supports evidence-based practices for it uses real observations from patients actually being in the field today in combination with commonly held patterns from prior research. The study design is a mixed methods approach to understanding the depth and reliability of pain reporting within dementia patients. Previous research, like that conducted byShow MoreRelatedPain Management As An Essential Part Of Nursing1583 Words   |  7 PagesPain management is an essential part of nursing, but it can be challenging when the patients can no longer express their needs. I became aware of this challenge throughout my experience in both clinical and work. During my first clinical rotation, I was assigned to a patient who had severe dementia and could no longer communicate. While providing care to this patient, it was evident that the patient was irritated because she would grimace and sometimes cry out, but it was difficult to determineRead MoreCritical Appraisal Tool: Dementia and Pain862 Words   |  3 PagesTool Title of the study: Pain in Dementia A Topical Review Authors: Scherder, E., et.al. Date published: 2009 Publication journal: International Association for the Study of Pain Study design: Clinical and Experimental Pain Study Review Aim/ purpose of study: Conglomeration of current data on pain and pain management for patients with dementia. Methods: Double blind, peer reviewed studies using pain medications Target population: Aging population with dementia or dementia symptoms Study sample:Read MoreDevelopment Of A Service Innovation1692 Words   |  7 Pagesthe report will focus on the pain management tool for assessing chronic conditions in service users with dementia in hospital settings. As pain is a very subjective experience it is important that the tool is specifically based on the individual’s own way of expressing and communicating their pain in relation to their chronic conditions. The first section of this report will review and evaluate a body of evidence to support the development of the pain management tool by looking at the subjectRead MoreSymptoms Of Patients With Dementia962 Words   |  4 Pages Pain is universal in everyone around the world and can come at any time and to anyone. There are ways to treat pain in the medical world but not everyone is treated the same when it comes to their pain and it might just be that they cannot express the pain that they feel to the people around them. This article goes into depth of how patients with dementia or Alzheimer’s don’t necessarily get the pain management to meet their needs and ways for medical professionals and the family members can understandRead MoreWhat I Learned And Acquired From The University856 Words   |  4 Pagesdecision to administer pain relief medication on a patient with dementia, who is experiencing pain and cannot report pain to nurses due to their declining brain functio n and abilities (Abbey, 2011). Mrs. Wu was one of my 4 patients, which I needed to assist at the time. Mrs. Wu was 77 years old women with history of severe dementia and depression. She was admitted to the rehabilitation ward due to risk at home when she was alone. During the shift, she had not been complaining of pain. But when I observedRead MoreThe Stages Of Clinical Reasoning1149 Words   |  5 Pagesstages of dementia. Dementia is an incurable disease that is both chronic and progressive in which one suffers severe cognitive impairments greatly involving their memory (Cooper Greene 2005, p. 15). Dementia can also greatly affect individual’s activities of daily living such as fixing meals, maintaining personal hygiene and light housework (Ha Kim 2014, p.448). It has been acknowledged that Mrs Checkett’s clothing appears dirty and smelly and this could be a result of her dementia. The potentialRead MoreConclusion Reflection . Working In The Dementia Security1295 Words   |  6 PagesConclusion reflection Working in the dementia security unit of the Aldersgate enables me to appreciate special considerations in mental health nursing practice. Mental health nursing are frequently associated with the ethics issues when clients are incompetent in decision-making in their care plans. The therapeutic relationship with the patients is, therefore the heart of nursing practice, which could assist nurses to address individuality and provide support (Dziopa Ahern 2009).When conductingRead MorePatient Centered Pain Control Of Elderly People With Dementia2244 Words   |  9 PagesPatient Centered Pain Control in Elderly People with Dementia There is a growing geriatric population of people with dementia throughout the world that are living in pain constantly. Because dementia as a condition with multifaceted symptomology manifested by advancing overall decline of cognitive ability, it causes severe and distinctive barriers to pain assessment and pain management in this population. The existencee of multiple comorbidities, polypharmacy and the declinining cognition in thisRead MorePain Assessment809 Words   |  4 PagesNo evidence exists to suggest that older individuals perceive pain to a lesser degree or that sensitivity is diminished. Although pain is a common experience among individuals 65 years of age and older, it is not a normal process of aging. Pain indicates pathology or injury. Pain should never be considered something to tolerate or accept in ones later years. Unfortunately, many clinicians and older adults wrongfully assume that pain should be expected in aging, which leads to less aggressive treatmentRead MorePathophysiology Of Dementia And Alzheimers Disease1570 Words   |  7 PagesPathophysiology: Dementia Dementia, also known as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is a progressive, chronic, and degenerative. 60% of dementia occurs in people over the age of 65. Dementia causes loss of judgment, memory, change in personality, and visuospatial perception. Severe cognitive impairment can occur over time, as well as physical deterioration and death. The brain changes in size and weight as a person ages. There is also a narrowing of the gyri, enlargement of the ventricles, and widening

Parkinson s Is A Progressive Condition - 1680 Words

Introduction What is Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson’s is a progressive condition by a loss of never cells in the brain known as neurodegeneration. The cause of neuronal loss in Parkinson’s is still unknown. However, the symptoms can still be explained by the loss of cells that contain neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine is a type of chemical that nerve cells release to communicate with other nerve cells. It is just not responsible for doing that, dopamine has many other functions it must do including important roles in behavior, voluntary movement, motivation, sleep, mood, attention, working memory, and learning. So, in Parkinson’s the neurons that produce dopamine slowly start dying. When dopamine levels get, lower this will cause an imbalance with the other neurotransmitters and will result with confusing both motor and non-motor symptoms which will get worse overtime. (Sethi 2002) Parkinson’s is a really known disease as Alzheimer’ s it is said that there is an estimated number of up to 1.5 million Americans suffering from the disorder at any given time. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015) PD affects 50 percent of more men than women but scientist till this day don’t understand why it hits men more. One huge risk about PD is aging. It is sad that the average age of someone to get PD is 60 years and as they get older the disease starts to significantly rises. It is rare for people younger that can get it. Studies show that about 5 to 10 percent of people can get PD beforeShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Progressive Movement Disorder Of The Central Nervous System895 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson s disease is a chronic progressive movement disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and Parkinson’s like gait (leaning forward, small fast pace steps, shuffling, etc.). Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of nerve cells in the brain, entitled neurons. Although damage can be spread about, it primarily affects neuronsRead MoreIs Parkinson Disease A Disease?1290 Words   |  6 Pages Parkinson Disease Danielle West University Of Arkansas Fort Smith Medical Terminology Fall of 2015 Introduction Parkinson is a disease that is a glitch in the neurons in the brain, which frequently affects the substantia nigra. Part of the dying neurons produces a chemical called dopamine. As this progresses, the dopamine in the brain decreases. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain which helps the body regulate coordination and movement in the body. Once Parkinson DiseaseRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Progressive Loss Of Functioning Of The Brain1361 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive loss of functioning of the brain that results in stiffness, trembling and loss of fine motor control. This disease mainly affects the neurons in the particular area called the substantia nigra with a total loss of dopamine, the absence of these dopamine-producing cells causes the loss of the brain’s ability to control the body movements progressively (Parkinson’s disease, 2016). Parkinson’s disease is very common, with about 70000 Australians asRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Parkinson s Disease Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson Disease by Melissa Green Topical Bibliography In partial fulfillment of the writing requirement for Anatomy and Physiology 304 and the Department of Speech-Language Pathology SUNY Buffalo State Fall 2016 Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms or tremors, rigidity, (bradykinesia) or slowness of movement and posture instability. Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in theRead MoreNational Parkinson s Foundation : A Progressive Disorder Of The Central Nervous System1249 Words   |  5 PagesNational Parkinson s Foundation Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the central Nervous system and affects both motor and nonmotor functions. parkinson s is caused by a chemical imbalance within the brain. The brain produces a neurotransmitter called dopamine in the basal ganglia, which is structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain. If the Dopamine, Basal ganglia and Thalamus does not function properly then causes major damage,. A person having less and less dopamineRead MoreThe Purpose Of My Research Conducted For This Paper Was1677 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of my research conducted for this paper was to examine the relationship between Parkinson s disorder and its connection to the anatomy of the human body. Parkinson s is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement due to the loss of Dopamine. Dopamine which is a neurotransmitter located in the brain allows signals to be transported from one nerve cell to another. Its purpose is to regulate both movement and cognition. The loss of these chemical messengers can causeRead MoreOn Nervous Disorders : Parkinson s Disease1193 Words   |  5 PagesOn Nervous Disorders: Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system characterized by tremor, slowed movement, and muscle rigidity; typically only seen in those over the age of forty. It is named after James Parkinson, an English surgeon, whom first described the symptoms of â€Å"the shaking palsy,† in a report published in 1817 (Grimes, 2004). The brain is the control center of the body. The brain orchestrates movement, sensations, feelings, personality, andRead MoreParkinson s No Longer Happens But Is Inherited1181 Words   |  5 Pagesto skip generations and siblings. Most people with Parkinson’s have idiopathic Parkinson s disease, which is having no specific cause. However, a small proportion of cases are due to known genetic factors. Until recently, the relations and diagnosis of the disease and family was unknown, with studies and advancements there has been a discovered inheritance between Parkinson disease and related disorders. Parkinson s disease, like Alzheimer’s is more common in later ages but is affecting youthRead MoreNot Only Is It Detrimental To The Social Development Of1604 Words   |  7 Pagesdetrimental to the overall physical and cognitive health due to the fact that we lose valuable opportunities at early intervention. All three of the most commonly diagnosed degenerative conditions within the geriatric population can have improved prognosis with early intervention. The earlier that these conditions can be identified and diagnosed, the more successful that these individuals will be overall when it comes to their prognosis. For the case of those suffering with cognitive decline, it hasRead MoreParkinson Disease : A Brain Disorder1109 Words   |  5 Pages Parkinson Disease By Teri Gordon BIO 202 Harrisonburg Campus â€Æ' Teri Gordon BIO 202 Kevin Chakos Harrisonburg Campus Research Paper Parkinson Disease Parkinson Disease is a brain disorder that affects movement, loss of muscle control and balance. The first symptoms usually include a tremor of the hand, foot, or leg which is often termed as a â€Å"shaky palsy.† The disease usually slowly progresses with symptoms getting more intense over many years. Some patients who develop Parkinson’s in

Occupational Health And Safety Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Occupational Health And Safety Management? Answer: Introducation The organizational culture of Cott Corporation reflects the equality in the standard of men and women and both the gender is being respected. However, the organizational culture faces problems in terms of diversification and employee engagement. The people from different countries are not encouraged to participate in the decision making process. Therefore, with time the due to the lack of unification, the employees as well do not exercise the authorities given to them, which appear inadequate (Alvesson, 2012). While working as a worker at Cott Corporation, I had experienced a situation where my engagement was not high as it should have been. There was the requirement for undertaking a promotional campaign to launch a new brand of cola in the market. Considering the target audience of the soft drink, the appropriate decision should have been to undertake BTL promotional activities. But, as because my appraisal that happened the previous month did not fulfill my expectations, I did not give this suggestion to the senior management and as a result, despite of the promotional activities, the outcome was not very fruitful. Since, the two-way communication between me and the senior management did not yield the expected result, the chances of successfully launching the cola became very low. This all happened due to my low motivation towards contributing to the success of the launch. If I would have been more engaged with the product launch, the outcome could have been better. The Cott Corporation supplies the soft drinks, which are carbonated to Canada, USA, Europe and United Kingdom. The corporation also bears portfolios of its brand of Red Rooster, Blue Charge, MacB and so forth. Mission of Cott Corporation is to insist the people from diverse backgrounds to participate in the decision making. The vision of the organization is to encourage each other by providing the best cultural place to work for the employees. As the work market is getting heated up, the employees have now become the customers. The organization needs to consider them not only as workers but also as volunteers. This innovative world transforms the ways of their engagement with people. They work on the demand of the team who are cross functional in order to bring new people at a fast rate. The engagement of the cross cultural teams are important in terms of decision making policy as they need to focus on the purpose, mission and integration of work life (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The organizational culture is important to the employees due to the following reasons, The organizational culture will be deciding the manner in which the employees will be making interaction at the place of work The organizational culture at the place of work, also supports in promoting healthy competition at the place of work The organizational culture does the representation of the certain predefined policies that will be guiding the staffs and provide them with a sense of direction at the place of work The organizational culture does the promotion of healthy association within the staffs The organizational culture does the extraction of the optimum output of each employee at the place of work (Robson, 2012) Two different recommendations are firstly, the company must not make difference while engaging employees for decision making in terms of the work in the organizational business. This is because it is regarded as the most important issue in the firm in terms of the organizational culture (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). Secondly, the managers must look into the matter deeply if anyone is being exploited in terms of their racial background. This would determine the cultural workforce of the organization (Reese, 2015). These recommendations are needed because with the rise of workforces and with the advent of globalization, the employees need to collaborate with one another in terms of making a cordial organizational atmosphere, where the decision making in the company would be faster enough making the company to become more competitive in the field of their work. The managers in this term need to recognize the capabilities of the employees and together with cooperation and understanding would determine the organizational culture (Robson et al., 2012). With the reference of Occupational Health and Safety Act, the act is referred to the protection of the workplaces and the safety of the workers. It is therefore, the responsibility of the managers by abiding themselves with the laws must look after the problems of the employees and give them everyone fair chances to participate in the decision- making policy of the organization (Reese, 2015). It is the responsibility of the manager to measure the performances of the employee through different surveys. A questionnaire must be given to the employees on the monthly basis about their perspective in the working culture of the organization (Reese, 2015). References Alvesson, M. (2012).Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Alvesson, M., Sveningsson, S. (2015).Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Reese, C. D. (2015).Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC press. Robson, L. S., Stephenson, C. M., Schulte, P. A., Amick III, B. C., Irvin, E. L., Eggerth, D. E., ... Peters, R. H. (2012). A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety training.Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, 193-208. Occupational Health and Safety Management – MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Occupational Health and Safety Management. Answer: Insight into the basic hazards Risks and hazards are an integral part of the business environment of the companies and organizations like Workplace Health Association of Australia (WHAA). The association takes pride in ensuring the wellbeing of the employees through the provision of a healthy lifestyle. The major drive behind this is the presence of modern facilities, which has exposed the public domain of Australia to an advanced level of joy and happiness (Workplacehealth.org.au, 2017). Herein, one of the major requirements is the exposure of cautious approach towards the execution of business activities. Absence of this cautiousness compels WHAA to encounter risks, which adds vulnerability to the market position. As a matter of specification, absence of personal protective equipment (PPE) contradicts the true essence of the aspect of risk for WHAA. The most dangerous hazard is not wearing safety helmets while doing construction activities. Not wearing the helmets results in the tragic death of the employees, du e to fatal head injuries. This is a loss for the association in terms of achieving productive results (Brauer, 2016). Delving deep into the aspect, the placement of the aspects seem justified in a reverse order. Effective utilization of the organizational equipments helps the managers to protect the employees from the hazards. Detailed insight into this aspect is presented in the following sections through the means of risk assessment matrix, tackling the emergency situations and adopting control measures for the emergencies. Risk assessment matrix In order to mitigate the intensity of the risks, effective and efficient means are required. Typical example in this direction is the matrix, templates among others. The segmented division of the matrix enhances the clarity of the personnel regarding mitigation of the potential risks (Reese, 2015). The main aim of this matrix is to specify the level of the risk and assess its impact on the productivity of the association. Table: Risk assessment matrix The two major components of this matrix are probability and the impact. Within this, there are five variations-rare, unlikely, moderate, likely and very likely. Based on the intensity of the risk, its impact is calculated. Finally, the probability and the impact together results in the outcome, which necessitates the need for taking immediate measures for mitigating the intensity of the risk factors (Bahr, 2014). Explaining with an example, considering the risk of not wearing helmets, the probability of sundry cases is likely to occur at any point of time. Impact of these cases is extreme as it proves fatal for the employees of WHAA. The cases are same for the risk factors such as project delays, monetary issues, and electrical problems. Countering this, the probability and impact varies according to the intensity of the risk factors. Project delays impact the productivity of WHAA; however, it does not lead to any property loss. Therefore, the outcome of this is moderate. The risk of monetary issues is high as it leads to conflicts, discriminations and harassments between the functional units of the association (Yorio, Willmer Moore, 2015). This destroys the stability in the relationship between the managers and the employees. This instability is an obstruction for WHAA in terms of managing the potential risks. Control measures Preparing an action plan would bring to the forefront the major areas, which needs modification. Involvement of the stakeholders and shareholders in the meetings and conferences would help the personnel of the WHAA to construct this action plan (Reason, 2016). Typical components of this action plan can include the necessary actions; their priorities; distribution of responsibilities; important resources; total time needed for the completion of the tasks; evaluation of the outcomes. Important actions Priority Resources needed Time Evaluation Identification of the risks and hazards High Projectors, video recordings of the business activities 2 weeks Utilization of the available time effectively and judiciously would help the managers to identify and specify the risks and hazards Organizing meetings with the stakeholders and shareholders about making plans for risk mitigation High Auditorium, Projector, chairs 1 week Dividing the meeting sessions into groups would enhance the clarity of the personnel regarding the construction of risk management plans Conducting market research for selecting the appropriate technology Moderate Computers, laptops, uninterrupted internet connection 1.5 weeks Market research would enhance the clarity of the personnel regarding the modern technologies, which are in demand in the market Providing training to the employees about the effective and judicious utilization of the modern personal protective equipments High Projectors, pen, paper and other official documents 3 weeks Training would enhance the preconceived skills, expertise and knowledge of the employees in terms of the effective and judicious utilization of the personal protective equipments Evaluation High Projectors, computers, laptops, pen, paper and other official documents 1 week Evaluation would help the personnel to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed plans in terms of mitigating the identified and the specified risks Procedures for emergency situations Aording to Schaufeli Taris, (2014), risk management needs a planned and systematic approach for the achievement of positive outcomes. Systematic approach towards adoption of the following steps proves helpful in mitigating the intensity of the potential risks in times of emergency: Spontaneous approaches regarding meetings and discussions about making risk mitigation plans Making plans regarding provision of training to the staffs in terms of immediate evacuation if needed Organizing sessions related to the importance of personal protective equipments for making the staffs aware regarding their self- security Indulging in joint ventures with the disaster management centers, hospitals, nursing homes, care homes for providing the injured and victims with the primary medication Issuing warnings on radio, television and other social networking sites for spreading the awareness among the staffs to remain alert while working on the dangerous and hazardous sites References Bahr, N. J. (2014).System safety engineering and risk assessment: a practical approach. CRC Press. Brauer, R. L. (2016).Safety and health for engineers. John Wiley Sons. Reason, J. (2016).Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Reese, C. D. (2015).Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC press. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. InBridging occupational, organizational and public health(pp. 43-68). Springer Netherlands. Swuste, P., Albrechtsen, E., Hovden, J. (2015). Towards safety through advanced solutions.Safety science,71, 69-70. Workplacehealth.org.au (2017). Introduing WHAA Retrieved 2nd August 2017 from https://www.workplacehealth.org.au/introducing-whaa Yorio, P. L., Willmer, D. R., Moore, S. M. (2015). Health and safety management systems through a multilevel and strategic management perspective: Theoretical and empirical considerations.Safety science,72, 221-228. Zohar, D. (2014). Safety climate: Conceptualization, measurement, and improvement.The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture, 317-334. Occupational Health and Safety Management – MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Occupational Health and Safety Management. Answer: Introduction Risk assessment is a major concern of railway operating company in order to ensure safety. Occurrence of risk is very common in railway operation process (Reason 2016). One of the major risks is occupational safety. However, railway transport is considered as the economic, environmentally friendly and safe mood of transport. From last few years, rapid technological changes take place in Australian railway industry. However, many organizations take a lease of the railway passenger operation. Due to this emerging technology the instability occurs, which results in accidental risk in railway operation. This study deals with the railway passenger operation and risk management in the context of Great Rail Australia. Great Rail Australia is new railway operating organization. This organization is going to start their business across Australia and their headquarters is situated at Sydney. This company is involved in setting up the interstate rail passengers operation in Australia. The operation of this company includes maintenance of second-hand locomotives, passenger's carriages, facility management, maintenance of infrastructure, equipment and access the information. This company also involved in handling passengers and the scheduled of trains. As argued by Grote (2015), accidental risk, safety risk and high cost of operation are the major risks that are associated with railway operation. Great Rail Australia needs to develop a risk management plan to reduce the risk from the workplace. This will ensure the safety of the passengers as well as the stakeholders. In the recent years, fatal accidents in railway have been increasing rapidly. On the other hand, occupational safety risk is another vita l risk that organization may face during their operation. Apart from this regulatory compliance risk takes place if an organization is not able to comply with the legal requirements during their operation. Identification and discussion of the risk issues Major risks of rail operation are rail safety, regulatory compliance risk and occupational health and safety issues (OHS). These three major risks take place during the rail operation. In the context of Great Rail Australia occupational, they need to identify the possible risks that may take place during their operation. Development of a risk management plan will be helpful for Great Rail Australia to ensure safety in their operation management. Rail safety issue is a big consequence of railway operation management. In Australia major rail accidents are taken place for which it is important for the rail operating organization to ensure the safety of rail operation. According to the statistical data in the year 2004, eight people were killed due to derailment of a train in South Sydney. In the year 2006 41 people were injured when train and truck collide. Therefore, in 2007, 11 people were killed due to crash in line passenger train in Victoria (Smh.com.au 2018). From the above statistics, it can be said that rail safety is a big issue in the recent years due to the increased rate of accidents. However, due to adoption of technology often the employees are not able to manage the information as result, risk occurs. Negligence of railway staffs is one of the vital factors of rail safety issue. On another hand, poor designing is another factor that hampers the rail safety. Due to the negligence of the staffs often passengers are not aware of the risk as a result, accidents occur. Derailment or manufacturing issue is another major reason of risk in rail operation (Liu et al. 2015). Often installation defect leads the passengers as well as the railway staffs to face accident in railway operation management. In the context of Great Rail Australia, they are associated with maintenance of equipment thus; issues due to derailment can take place during their operation. Hence, it is essential for this organization to ensure the safety regarding all equipment that is used in railway operation management. Legal issues or regulatory risk may appear during the rail operation if the organization does not follow the legal requirements (Monios and Bergqvist 2015). However, Australian government has proposed Rail Safety National Law that in order to implement major changes in rail operation (Onrsr.com.au 2018). Incompliance with this law may lead Great Rail Australia to face a legal issue, which is a big risk for this organization. Therefore, if the organization does not comply with Rail Safety Act 2006 then it will be difficult for them to enhance their operation process across Australia. On the other hand, changes in the regulatory law are a big issue that may affect the current business operation of Great Rail Australia. However, in the recent years, Rail Safety National Law and Rail Safety Act are two major regulatory framework of Australia that facilitates the railway operation in this country. Any changes in these regulatory bodies may lead Great Rail Australia to face regulatory comp liance risk. As a result, their operation process will be hampered and the growth of this organization will be affected. Occupational Health and Safety Risk Illness and injury are very common in railway operation management. However, The Great Rail Australia is going to manage the railway passengers and the maintenance of equipment to complete the railway operation. Hence, the duty staffs are always at health risk. Major accidents, as well as injury, may take place while using the equipment. During the manufacturing of rail parts, the workers get an injury and sometimes death occurs (Gul et al. 2017). Great Rail Australia is associated with handling the passengers, office maintenance and infrastructure improvement of Australian railway. Hence, an accident with the workers is very common in the workplace. This highlights the safety risk of the duty staffs. OHS risk is a common thing for railway operation management. This often harms the workers during their work. Injury and sudden death of the workers are the major health risks of the workers who are involved in manufacturing the rail parts, handling equipment and involved in infrastructu re designing (Reese 2015). The Great Rail Australia can face such occupational health and safety issues in their workplace if they do not develop a proper risk management system in their business operation. Risk management System in the context of Great Rail Australia to reduce the current issues From the above discussion, it has been identified that there are three types of risks are associated with Great Rail Australia such as risk related to legal compliance, OHS risk, and rail safety risk. In order to deal with such risk, a risk management system is proposed. The features of the risk management process are as follow: Identification of the hazards is the heart of risk management system. Preliminary hazard analysis or PHA tool is an effective tool to identify the current risks of a system (Kim et al. 2015). However, for Great Rail Australia use of PHA tool will be helpful to address the current risks in their system. Preliminary hazard analysis tool is a semi-quantitative method that helps the railway operating company to assess all potential hazards in their system. Hazard identification is one of the major features of risk management system. This PHA tool is effective to get an initial overview of the present risk in the business. In the context Great Rail Australia, they can identify that health and safety risk, railway safety risk and regulatory compliance risks are present in their operation process. Such identification can be done by using PHA tool. PHA tool is beneficial for an organization to carry out rapid risk ranking and to identify the potential hazards (Glendon et al. 2016). Risk iden tification is crucial for The Great Rail Australia to implement an effective risk management system. It will be difficult for this organization to take action plan without identifying the risks in their railway operation management. On the other hand, by using HAZOP tool or Hazard and operability tool this organization will be able to identify the chemical process system. This will be effective to identify the safety hazards in a workplace. Evaluation of the risk is another vital feature of risk management system. In this stage, an organization is able to classify the existing risks. Therefore, the decision is taking based on the tolerability of the risk (McNeil et al. 2015). Risk evaluation will enable the Great Rail Australia to categorize their identified risk. From the above analysis, it has been found that three major types of risk may take place during the operation of this organization. After the classification of the risk, necessary actions will be taken to mitigate such risk. From the risk evaluation, an organization is able to understand which risk is tolerable, intolerable and negligible. In the context of Great Rail Australia, OHS risk is an intolerable and regulatory risk is tolerable. Hence, by using risk evaluation it the identified risks are classified and based on this classification action plan will be taken. Risk analysis is another process of risk management system. Through this process estimation of the frequency of accidents can be calculated (Bromiley et al. 2015). Great Rail Australia will be able to calculate the frequency of the workplace injury in their risk management system. By using cause-consequence analysis tool this organization will be able to identify the reasons for current risk in their organization. Risk analysis also helps this organization to measure the severity of the risks that may occur during their railway operation management. However, Great Rail Australia needs to build a risk analysis team to measure the impact of current risk factors. Risk control is the final step of risk management system that reduces the potential risks from a system. In order to reduce the occupational health and safety risk, Great Rail Australia need to follow Work Health and Safety Act 2011. Implementation of this Act will help an organization to maintain the safety in the workplace (Legislation.gov.au 2018). By following this Act Great Rail Australia can reduce the regulatory risks from their business operation as maintenance of this Act ensures the legal compliance with the Safety Act. On the other hand, providing a proper training program to the on-duty rail staffs Great Rail Australia will be able to increase awareness regarding the workplace health and safety. Therefore, all the equipment and infrastructure should be checked on a regular basis and proper monitoring process should be implemented to measure the effectiveness of current risk management system. Conclusion The entire study focuses on the risk management plan in the context of Great Rail Australia. From the above analysis, it has been received that regulatory compliance issue, occupational health, and safety issue and railway safety issue are the major types of risks that usually take place in rail operation management. In order to deal with these challenges, Great Rail Australia needs to develop a rigid risk management system that includes risk identification, risk evaluation, risk analysis, and control. Hence, it can be concluded that by following the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 will be beneficial for Great Rail Australia to reduce the occupational safety issue and the regulatory compliance risk from their operation. References Bromiley, P., McShane, M., Nair, A. and Rustambekov, E., 2015. Enterprise risk management: Review, critique, and research directions. Long range planning, 48(4), pp.265-276. Glendon, A.I., Clarke, S. and McKenna, E., 2016. Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Grote, G., 2015. Promoting safety by increasing uncertaintyImplications for risk management. Safety science, 71, pp.71-79. Gul, M., Ak, M.F. and Guneri, A.F., 2017. Occupational health and safety risk assessment in hospitals: A case study using two-stage fuzzy multi-criteria approach. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 23(2), pp.187-202. Kim, B., Yi, K., Yoo, H.J., Chong, H.J. and Ko, B., 2015. An IMM/EKF approach for enhanced multitarget state estimation for application to integrated risk management system. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 64(3), pp.876-889. Legislation.gov.au. 2018.Work Health and Safety Act 2011. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00305 [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Liu, P., Yang, L., Gao, Z., Li, S. and Gao, Y., 2015. Fault tree analysis combined with quantitative analysis for high-speed railway accidents. Safety science, 79, pp.344-357. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015. Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Monios, J. and Bergqvist, R., 2015. Intermodal terminal concessions: lessons from the port sector. Research in Transportation Business Management, 14, pp.90-96. Onrsr.com.au. 2018.Rail Safety National Law. [online] Available at: https://www.onrsr.com.au/about-onrsr/legislation [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Reason, J., 2016. Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Reese, C.D., 2015. Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC press. Smh.com.au. 2018.Major rail accidents in Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/major-rail-accidents-in-australia/2007/06/05/1180809514121.html [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].

One Best Friend Essays - English-language Films, Frankenstein

One Best Friend One Best Friend There are so many types of friendship that can be developed intentionally or unintentionally by all humans. Its hard to accept that sometimes because we might need the help of someone who if it wasnt for the current need we would be happy not to even speak a word to him or her. All of us at some time or another we make conscious decisions on who our friends are. Frankenstein didnt have such luxury. He didnt have a circle of friends to choose from. He only had those who wanted to use him for their own convenience and it is in this way that he learned that friendship could be that. An exchange of favors by people he really didnt trust. All through the storylines that follow the book and the first movie, Frankenstein didnt have any real friends. Even the old blind man from Bride of Frankenstein accepted him because he himself was in desperate need of any kind of human interaction. The monsters first impression was that of an honest friendly gesture. This was the first step for him in learning that friendship could be used to acquire the things he wanted. Aristotle commented on the existence of three types of friendship: friendship based on utility, friendship based on pleasure and perfect friendship. The first one being based on a dependency of one another. We all get to experience all three types of friendship. The Monster never had the privilege of knowing the last one. The third one is based on real feelings of admiration, respect, and understanding. Nobody ever had those feelings toward the monster. Almost all the characters and ever viewers of the story have nothing but feelings of fear, misunderstanding, pity and disrespect for the monster. The closest anybody came to be a real friend to the monster was Ygor. Even Ygor didnt really see the monster as a potential friend he was only a tool that he used to get even with those who sentenced him to be hanged and those who didnt hide their disgust for Ygor. It could be argued that nobody got as close to the monster as Ygor did. Ygor didnt want the monster to be his friend he didnt hesitate to replace the Monsters brain with his own in order to have the monster strength to be used for his own plans. He realized that controlling the monster was becoming more and more difficult. Friendship is not about controlling somebody else. In the surface it could be argued that Ygor was the Monsters best friend. After all we all have someone that its considered a best friend. Everybody in the early years try to stay and befriend those who look like us or who share some kind of bond. In Bride Of Frankenstein the monster seems to be applying this concept to himself when he demands a partner. He had realized that people would never be able to see him in a friendly manner, they would never be able to understand him, because they were not like him. His solution was to search for someone who understood him and was in the same situation. Another monster. At the end of the movie he realized that not even someone who had been built just like himself would not accept him. The terrified expression of the bride told him everything he needed to know. There are so many aspects to the story of Frankenstein in relation to friendship, but the most notable is that of a lonely being who could not culture a perfect friendship which was the cause of his destruction. English Essays

Performance Measurement for WWP

Performance Measurement for WWP Introduction Performance measurement has been described as a key tool in the achievement of TQM (Total Quality Management) in all types of organizations. The traditional approach to performance measurement has been focused on the examination of financial performance of an organization. This has mainly focused on a performance indicator that is available through changes in either profits or losses.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Performance Measurement for WWP specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, researchers who work in this area indicate that cost accounting information does not avail a complete bundle of information to support quality journeys. This is because they do not consider a contingent of issues, such as improvements, seen by the customer. Furthermore, they focus on the examination of a stakeholder from the view of an investor or shareholder. This has presented a number of challenges for non-profit organizations with the main aim to serve a specific segment of the society. Furthermore, performance is best measured through an examination of all perspectives of an organization. Regardless of the industry, organizations have the responsibility to come up with strategies that make it easy for customers to not only know about their goods and services, but also have the desire to provide assistance with them (Armstrong, 2007). This feat is not easy to accomplish because of challenges businesses have to face. There is the issue of stiff competition from other businesses in the same industry, economic problems that hinder the customers’ willingness to buy some products, and the presence of several distractions, which have the potential to come in between the customer and the company’s products. These are just some of the challenges that managers have to deal with in their bid to reach out to the intended audience. Need For Performance Measurement Many organizations in th e todays business world recognize that there is the need to capture a complete picture of organizational performance. This has led to the incorporation of a whole cocktail of performance measurement tools in attempts to capture their organizations’ performances. It is within this perspective that the need to institute effective performance measurement mechanisms has attracted a host of organizations and researchers. General understanding is that through the entrenchment of a culture that takes cognizance of organizational objectives, a cocktail of benefits and efforts focused on better organizational performance can be implemented.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Kaplan and Norton (1992), the focus of these performance measurement initiatives should revolve around finances, internal processes, learning, growth and, of course, customers. In fa ct, empirical research on performance measurement shows that undertaking this process can help management with implementing the process that supports process improvement and development of a cost-effective product design (Turney, 1991), and avail managers with an integrative framework to manage organizational activities. WWP (Wounded Warrior Project) stands at a vantage position to meet the expectations of the stakeholders by examining the performance of the four major organizational perspectives i.e., learning and growth, customers, internal business processes and finances. The learning and growth perspectives â€Å"will be viewed as an attempt at promoting growth and development by creating an enabling atmosphere that supports change and innovation† (Amstrong, 2007). According to Armstrongs opinion (2007), this strategy should be boned in mind of any Chief Executive Officer of the organization in order to ensure an overall efficiency of the business process. This may be imp lemented through the modernization of the services or goods, especially through the employment of modern technology and replacement of obsolete equipments in order to cultivate and enhance better quality of services to clients’ satisfaction. Focus on infrastructure improvement should be paid cognizance to. The development of staff should also be carried out through creation of a learning organization and where organizational learning takes place at the same time as advocated for by Armstrong (2007). This should be carried out through the provision of avenues that promote learning, training, and development. It should be understood that while technology, products, and services can be replicated, knowledge cannot. In the global competition today, attention to the human capital has grown in bounds. To move forward and drive successful business, staff focus, engagement and involvement should be paid cognizance. Subsequent benefits would include better quality of services to achie ve total customer satisfaction, increase business, obtain lesser complaints, and a train a fully engaged workforce that is fully committed to its responsibilities.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Performance Measurement for WWP specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The internal business perspective, on the other hand, addresses issues related to how business processes are adopted to the needs of the customers and shareholders. This should be implemented through the creation of an internal infrastructure that supports high quality of services in time at a cost effective manner with registered benefits in overall businesses performance. Clients focus should ideally center on better service delivery and should reflect the company’s value attached to the customers (Armstrong, 2007). This should be applied through improvement of service delivery and creation of better efficiency in the delivery of services to the cl ients. Essentially, this should be geared towards timely and efficient services delivery to clients in a cost effective manner that ensures for sustained competitiveness. Ideally, the management should embrace strategies that ensure the delivery of high quality service and integrity, development of products that really match with the needs of the clients, ensure value for money spent and devise mechanisms that make it easier to do business with the clients. Finally, the financial perspective addresses how WWP wishes to be viewed by the stakeholders. The management can implement this though several initiatives. The first one would be the establishment of a price control that would allow for significant improvements in investment in the services that ensure better advantage. WWP will create strategy maps highlighting the areas it want to measure. This will act as the overall architectural framework specifying the critical elements and associated linkages for the overall strategy. This , in essence, acts as a universal message presentation forum for the top executives towards specification and subsequent presentation of the envisaged destination, mapping of the route to be followed and communication mechanisms. Stakeholder Analysis and Recommendation for Participation With the mission to honor and empower wounded soldiers, WWP consists of a number of stakeholders whose interests and views must be given cognizance in performance measurement program. These include the wounded soldiers, donors, families of the wounded soldiers, the government, and social welfare organizations. This is because for WWP to achieve its objectives, it must develop links with other industry players and enlist the support of its stakeholders.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ideally, the focus on well defined performance dimensions should require that the development of specific measures to be done, that helps to effectively monitor and progress in the articulated dimensions (Armstrong, 2007). As Kanji (1997) has noted, the dynamics of the operational environments dictates that the changing needs of all the stakeholders be captured in the performance measures. Consequently, it is important for WWP to examine performance from an internal as well as external perspectives, listen to customers, suppliers and other stakeholders, and not fall into the trap of building a self-centered performance measurement system. It is therefore necessary that WWP develop an ideal system that leads to the development, which supports learning and innovation. This should be the essential and final aim of a good performance measurement system that captures the interests and expectations of the stakeholders (Kanji, 1997). The complexity of an organizational management entails t he need for managers to view performance in a holistic manner, where several areas are captured simultaneously (Kanji, 1997). This should be structured around the tenets of several factors that provide performance of a multi and interrelated perspective, and is linked to organizations’ values and strategies. Furthermore, WWP’s performance measurement should be based on critical success factors or performance driver, valid, reliable, and easy to use, one that facilitates comparisons to be made and progress to be monitored, that is linked to the rewards system and encourages the appropriate behaviors and finally, one that highlights the improvement areas or recognizes the opportunities and suggests improvement strategies. As it can be deduced form the above presentations, it appears that the approach to performance management needs to be holistic, inclusive, and systematic. Essentially, a good performance system should present the combined effect of measuring different a spects or dimensions that are interacting or interrelating with each other. SWOC analysis of WWP A SWOC analysis is a major way to examine the position of a business and examine areas of weaknesses and challenges it needs to focus on and areas of strengths and opportunities it needs to explore. A SWOT analysis simply means looking at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges to the business in order to achieve its strategic intents (Hill and Westbrook,1997). WWP has several strengths, a couple of weaknesses, several opportunities, and a small number of challenges. For example, WWP has the capacity to attract highly trained personnel from a large pool of wounded soldiers it seeks to serve. Furthermore, WWP has a well-established knowledge base, makes use of technology in its programs, and has extensive contacts with its clients. However, it is encompassed by a number of weaknesses that hinder to strive towards meeting its objectives. These include possible lack of moti vation and low reputation. This because WWP is still in its formative years and as such, has not developed extensive networks and attain reputation of high status. On the other hand, WWP has a number of opportunities, thus it can ensure that it lives up to the expectations of the stakeholders. These include availability of technological innovations to reach larger donor bases and increasing levels of understanding and empathy shown towards wounded soldiers. A number of challenges that reduce its capacity for competence can also be pointed out. WWP relies on donors for support and as such may suffer from the challenge of adequate resources to undertake its programs. Furthermore, it must be subjected to a number of government regulations that may limit its scope in soliciting funds and operations. Performance Measurement Performance management (PM) refers to the assessment of progress at different organizational levels, toward achieving predetermined goals, as well as communication an d action in response to actual progress (Bourne, 2003). Within this perspective, it is fundamental to recognize that PM is not merely a tool for operational management. On the contrary, it is, at its best, an overall, integrative approach, linking operational activities to strategic outcomes. Organizations in the business world employ some type of strategic planning in the development of objectives or initiatives. It has been advanced that the key to achieving success in the organization’s performance is an accurate and insightful linkage of the organizational visions and daily activities within the organization. Empirical evidence would however paint the picture that is not always easy or attainable (Armstrong, 2007). One of the chief bottlenecks has been cited as the use of poor performance measures (Kaplan and Norton, 2007). Several researchers have buttressed this point and pointed out that the lack of appropriate measurement tools as positively correlated to organization ’s failure to attain envisaged goals (Kaplan, 2007). For example, Armstrong (2007) in his study on organization’s use of performance measures has concluded that a majority of organizations fail to link their firms’ strategies with the performance measures. In the opinion of Kaplan (2007), the failure to encapsulate the strategic intents in performance measures has proved to be a major headache to many managers. This is particularly worrying when an effective measurement system provides the managers with an ample tool that can be employed in the assessment of whether activities occurring within a facility, division or department are in support of the attainment of the firms overall objectives as stipulated in the vision and missions of the firm. Brotherton and Hacker (2006) have pointed out that what is missing out in most management strategies may not be the planning aspect but rather the implementation. In their opinions, the implementation should encapsulate a n effective measurement system in order that the actions and plans are appropriately linked and are in tandem with the envisaged corporate objectives. This should ideally present an accurate presentation of where WWP is now and where it intends to be. A salient limitation has conversely been cited as the failure to link other aspects of organizational activities such as internal business organization, employees’ development, learning and organizational growth and customer relations in performance measures and the sole reliant on financial assessments of organizational performance. As Kaplan (2007) has pointed out, â€Å"over 70% of CEO failures came, not as a result of poor strategy, but the inability to execute.† Indeed, the departure from traditional financial measures as the anchorage on which organizational wellbeing is grounded has been pointed out as the reason for the invention of the Balanced Score Cards (Kaplan, 2007). According to Brotherton and Hacker (2006) , putting the organization vision and linking this to the strategy of organizations is the key ingredient to success in performance measurements, and thus, the strategic planning process should ideally encapsulate the strategic intents of the organization. This, to the authors opinion should be the starting point in effective measurement system. Essentially, the vision of the organization needs to be translated into specific, measurable objectives or initiatives. This is because by quantifying the vision through measurable objectives, an organization is able to determine whether it is on the right track. This will enable WWP to assess the rate of progress towards the attainment of the stipulated objectives. Unfortunately, majority of organizations appears not to pay heed to these sentiments (Armstrong, 2007). Armstrong (2007) has pointed out that performance measurements at their broadest forms that should involve the setting up of performance goals and the subsequent measurements o f the organization’s attainment or lack of such goals against a set criteria (Brotherton Hacker, 2006). Towards this, performance metrics are developed for each level and function within the organization, structured around the frameworks in order to facilitate the attainment of the envisaged goals and objectives. Thus, while the specific steps and verbiages may vary among the performance management methodologies and systems, the general bearing is essentially the same among the multitudes of organizations that claim to measure their performances. Kanji (1997) has observed that accounting figures alone do not provide a clear direction or an emphasis on whether the particular elements under scrutiny will result in good or poor financial results. This is because these financial measures may not pay cognizance to the need for improving customer satisfaction, quality, cycle time, or even employees’ motivation. Indicators of the Achievement for the Projected Outcomes As it has been stated above, performance measurement has been described as a key tool for the achievement of TQM (Total Quality Management). The main indicator for the achievement of the projected outcomes of the performance measurement in WWP will be the attainment of TQM constructs. These include leadership, management, and empowerment. In essence, TQM attainment in WWP as a non-profit organization calls for the inclusion of all stakeholders in decision-making. Total quality management (TQM) has been considered an important theme in business and management studies over the years due to its capability of influencing the desired outcomes of individuals and organizations alike (Kaplan, 2007). Various definitions of TQM have been used in numerous studies and no general definition of TQM exists in today’s literature. So far, the concept of TQM has different meanings to different individuals. Dale (1999) states that TQM refers to the overall participation of organizational members to e ffectively make use of their business processes and generate the products and/or services necessary for accommodating the needs and desires of customers. Meanwhile, Yang (2005) defined TQM as â€Å"a philosophy and a set of guiding principles that represent the foundation of a continuous improving foundation.† TQM can also be described as a continual process that aims at providing excellence by developing and maintaining the proper skills and characteristics among organizational members, so they can generate satisfaction among their customers (Lakhe and Mohanty, 1994). Similarly, Yang (2005) believes that TQM is a set of practices that promotes improvement, frequent evaluation of results, as well as long-term planning. Though there have been different definitions for TQM that have been mentioned above, the concept’s general principles and values are still described in each of them (Yang, 2005). TQM’s philosophy of management is centered on customers that encoura ges members of a TQM organization to efficiently facilitate the improvement of their company through the active involvement of employees. Within WWP, the individual concepts of process control, service quality, and quality improvement are all integrated into the TQM approach. Conclusion and Recommendations Many organizations in the business world today are recognizing that there is a need to adopt performance measurement tools that present a complete picture of organizational performance and are mushrooming towards effective tools in their performance measurements. WWP stands to reap a cocktail of benefits through the initiation, development, and implementation of effective performance measurement mechanisms that have the capacity to enhance its performances levels. As it has been stated above, critical organizational perspectives that should emphasize on this program include finances, internal processes, customers, growth and learning. These may be adjustable providing particular o rganizational contexts in terms of the number and perspectives. WWP is best placed to create strategy maps highlighting the areas they want to measure. This will act as the overall architectural framework specifying the critical elements and associated linkages of the overall strategy. This in essence acts as a universal message presentation forum for the top executives towards specification and subsequent presentation of the envisaged destination, mapping of the route to be followed and the communication mechanisms. The philosophy behind this step is developing a measure that goes beyond just financial performance. The advantages are that the manager can adopt a holistic view of the organizational performance, a cohesive and ongoing assessment is also possible, a focused connection of the top level and mid levels strategies is established, and it improves the organizational performance reporting system. The benefits of adopting performance measurement program outweigh its limitatio ns, chief among them the fact that the process of design and implementation is all-inclusive. While being a top down approach, the strategic intents still have to involve the mid level and floor employees. The key to success are therefore reliant on proper planning, implementation, and follow up and the performance measurement tool must have the capacity to present a more holistic approach to the organizational performances that would essentially encapsulate all the key elements of performance. References Armstrong, A. (2007). A hard book of human resources management. Kogan Page Publishers: London. Bourne, O. (2003). The balanced scorecard: translating strategy into action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Brotherton, L and Hacker, L. (2006). The golden rules for implementing the balanced business scorecard. ,Information Management Computer Security, 45 (3): 12-25. Hill, T. Westbrook, R. (1997). SWOT Analysis: It’s Time for a Product Recall. Long Range Plannin g, 30 (1): 46–52. Kanji, Y. (1997). Total quality management and the performance measurement barrier. The TQM Magazine, 10 (2): 45-63. Kaplan, R. and Norton, D. (1992).The balance scorecard-measure that drive performance. Harvard business Review: Harvard. Lakhe, R.R. and Mohanty, R.P. (1994). Total quality management concepts, evolution and acceptability in developing economies. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 11 (9), 9-33. Turney, K. (1991). Essays on performance measurement models, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Australia. Yang, C.C. (2005). An integrated model of TQM and GE-Six Sigma. International Journal of Six Sigma and Competitive Advantage, 1 (1), 97-105.

Zombie Spice and Drakulas Blood The Halloween Happening [Interview]

Zombie Spice and Drakulas Blood The Halloween Happening [Interview] Halloween is coming! This year we decided to break the rules of usual Halloween posts and make them in the more interesting format. We want to find out how different people from different universities, even countries, celebrate Halloween. And the best way to find it out is to ask them share their stories. Today the interviewee is Katy Gilroy, a 19-year-old student from University of Chester, UK. She studies Journalism and Creative Writing. Apart from studying, she also has her personal blog, writes and publishes poetry and is a massive fan of Shakespeare. We decided to start from the most general question to find out Katys attitude to Halloween: How do you feel about Halloween and everything related to it? I love Halloween! I think its one of those occasions that everyone can get involved the way they want to, and it brings people together in such a fun way. Even if its something as simple as having a bowl of sweets next to your front door, theres an aspect of Halloween for everyone. Right! Its good to hear that a person from UK loves Halloween, which is considered primarily US holiday. How is Halloween observed in Britain? I do think Halloween is a more American tradition; it is celebrated a lot more over there than it is here in Britain. For example, in US I know people have decorations up right the way through November, whereas in Britain we tend not to put our pumpkins out until a few day before Halloween itself. So you do celebrate Halloween. Could you tell more about your Halloween traditions? Which of them do you find interesting? I think one of the best traditions is trick or treating. When I was younger, my mum would take my brother and I out along with a few friends, all of us dressed in weird and wonderful costumes anything from a princess to a kitten to a pirate, but nothing too terrifying! I loved shouting TRICK OR TREAT at whoever answered the door and seeing them pretend to jump back in horror. Now that Im older I love answering the door and seeing how excited all the kids are. Thats lovely! Youve mentioned weird costumes you had on Halloween celebrations. Which costume was you favourite? Ive dressed up for Halloween almost every year as far as I can remember, and Ive had such a huge range of costumes. Two of my favourites have been dressing as a dead school girl, and as a zombie princess. Theyre simple ideas but with a bit of imagination you can make anything look really extravagant. Now, that you are not a school girl any more, what costume would you like to wear for Halloween party and why? Id love to find a group of friends and dress up as a zombified version of the Spice Girls! Id be Baby Spice because Im blonde. Zombie Spice Girl is an awesome costume idea! You should definitely try that. Now lets move from dressing up to the actual celebration. Can you think of some fun Halloween parties youve been to? When I was younger my aunty and uncle used to have a party to celebrate both Halloween and Bonfire Night we called it Bonoween. There was always fancy dress, fireworks and food so much food. Last year at my university house we had a big Halloween party with all of our friends. There was 18 of us living there, and we each invited a few people. Our house was full of students dressed in really amazing outfits (one of my friends came dressed as Elmo!), all having fun and mingling with people they wouldnt otherwise have met. Speaking about parties.You definitely have organizing skills, as youve organized charity music festival. So, imagine that you have to organize Halloween party for your friends and fellow students. What would you like it to be like? If I was to organise my own Halloween party, Id make it a massive occasion and call it The Halloween Happening. Ideally I would hire out a venue, and cover it in fake cobwebs, paint splatters on the wall to resemble blood, and pumpkins EVERYWHERE. I think I would want to make it a party that both children and adults could enjoy, so that nobody would have to find a baby sitter or miss out on the fun. There would definitely be loads of Halloween themed food: cupcakes decorated to look like eyeballs, green jelly to look like toxic goo, and red punch to look like Draculas blood! There would definitely be no fancy dress no entry rule, and a prize for the scariest costume. Great! I am sure that would be a party of the year. So, costumes - check, party - checkwhat else is associated with Halloween? As for me, several things I associate with Halloween are: pumpkins, trick or treating, fake blood, toffee apples and witches. Pretty spooky combination (especially those of blood and toffee apples). But Halloween is meant to be a spooky fest. Lets add some more horror with your favourite films or horror stories. I absolutely love horror films, and one of my favourites is The Possession, in which a little girl becomes possessed by a demon from inside a wooden box. I also really enjoyed The Hills Run Red, which not many people have heard of! Despite being a book worm, Ive not read any books within the horror genre unless you count Frankenstein, which is a wonderful classic story. And the last question Do you think Eat, drink and be scary is the main idea of Halloween? Or should it be anything else behind the celebration? I think eat, drink and be scary is a perfect way to sum up Halloween; I dont think there is or should be any deeper reason behind the celebrations. If people are having fun and not causing any harm to anyone else then what could be wrong? Thanks for sharing your amazing Halloween story with our readers, Katy! Hopefully, you will have the unforgettable Halloween celebration this year! We wish you to keep inspiring people around with your creative ideas and radiance. Have any questions for Katy? Or want to share your unique Halloween story? Feel free to leave your message in the comments below. Also, read the interview The Secret Life of a Real Halloweener with our next guest, Jonathan Wojcik.

Global Market Entry Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Market Entry Strategies - Essay Example Ultravac started manufacturing the 'portable asthma pumps' under the brand name 'purepumps', when there was no other company in the Australian market, manufacturing such pumps. Two other companies were marketing these pumps by importing from Europe. Company assessed a huge market for the local product. In order to meet the Australian legal and medical regulations, Ultravac ended up investing heavily in the 'purepumps' venture, which saw huge cost overruns. On the other hand the two competitors, importing the pumps, made good use of economies of scale and were able to keep their customer base intact on account of the critical nature of the product; it being a medical aid product, customers appeared somewhat reluctant to use a new and unproven product. This forced the company to think about alternatives. The strategic alliance with Pharmacare, an Australian pharmaceutical chain, proved helpful for the company in that it offered a readymade market for asthma pumps through pharmacies, doctors' surgeries, hospitals etc. and company was able to increase its market share. The complex conditions of agreement between Ultravac and Pharmacare, did not allow the company to enter into partnership with other companies in the domestic market, which proved to be a serious setback for the company. Eager to come out of the alliance with Pharmacare, the company started winding up the p... Company was able to provide a dependable aftersales service support to the customers, which helped the company in gaining customer's confidence Eager to come out of the alliance with Pharmacare, the company started winding up the production of asthma pumps. But the strategy backfired on at least two counts. One, the factory workers were up in arms against the sudden decision of closure, which forced the company to shell out a hefty $850 000 in order to calm down the agitating workers. Secondly, customers became apprehensive about the service and repairs. In addition Pharmacare too slapped a legal suit on Ultravac. All this resulted in adverse publicity for the company and the once national fame started translating into national shame. Finally, Ultravac had to enter into out of courst settlement with Pharmacare by paying a good undisclosed amount in addition to assuring its customers that the company will indeed keep looking after the customers for repairs and maintenance. Ultravac had to reinvest huge amounts in brand building exercise to gloss over the damage done by the problematic tie-up with Pharmacare. The company continued to serve domestic as well as international markets for the next couple of years, but preferred to go for a change of brand identity once again, using it as a tool to tide over the bad publicity. Key external factors faced by Ultravac in the international arena include; Company entered into strategic alliances with supplies and distributors from abroad. On the one hand company entered into agreements with suppliers of component parts, guaranteeing unhindered flow of components for its asthma pumps market. On the

The Reluctant Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Reluctant Workers - Essay Example In any institution, there must be administrators who oversee day-to-day operations of the organizations and ensuring that things go on smoothly. Therefore, administrators perform very useful roles by ensuring that institutions achieve set goals. In the case study, Aston claims that the accounting department manager does not want an employee in that section to shift to project management section (Kerzner, 2010). This is despite confession of the employee of his interest in project management. The manager seems interested in achieving his departmental goals at the expense of the overall goal for the company. Thus, the boss of the worker who had interest in project management kills his interest and dream, and this might lower morale and appreciation of the employee. There is also poor communication between the workers and the managers. Moreover, Phil Davis, the director of project management seems not interested in solving issues raised by the project manager, and this constitutes poor administration (Kerzner, 2010). Therefore, effective administration and communication is vital for the success of any organization.... Thus, the boss of the worker who had interest in project management kills his interest and dream, and this might lower morale and appreciation of the employee. There is also poor communication between the workers and the managers. Moreover, Phil Davis, the director of project management seems not interested in solving issues raised by the project manager, and this constitutes poor administration (Kerzner, 2010). Therefore, effective administration and communication is vital for the success of any organization. Proper planning Planning entails the process of thinking as well as organizing activities necessary for the achievement of a given goal. Proper planning is required in carrying out and implementing activities that lead to the attainment of the goal. In the case study of reluctant workers, planning is a challenge. For instance, Aston asserts that in the week that the test was scheduled, some departments and individual workers planned different activities. The customer’s t op management planned on flying specifically for firsthand observations. Moreover, two members of his team had planned program vacation for the week and could not participate in the test (Kerzner, 2010). The scenario clearly indicates poor planning of events and activities in the company. Poor planning can lead to underachievement of the set goals and targets. 2 .Analyze the way in which Tim Aston, the young project manager, was exercising his skills with respect to his project staff and the functional managers. Discuss Tim Aston's effectiveness in light of the three core skills you identified. Tim Aston was exercising his skills quite properly with regard to project staff as well as with functional managers. First, he organizes a meeting with

Language Use in Kaskus Essay Example for Free

Language Use in Kaskus Essay A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Computer-mediated communication refers to any form of communication enabled through the use of computers. In the computer-mediated communication literature, the term generally refers to communication modalities dependent on computer-based networks or meta-networks, particularly the Internet and commercial online services. Language plays an important role in the communication activities in the computer-mediated communication. The language itself is used by people as a communication tool. Specifically, as i mentioned above that computer mediated communication (CMC) is about anything(communication) that use computer as a media to transfer information, to talk with other persons, to discuss issues or something like that. While we know that on CMC, for right now internet with its world wide web (network) is the only tool and the only way to get connected with others, i don’t see any alternative beside internet. In internet there are many people with different language background, different social background and of course different culture and manners. What’s become my curiousity is how people with these so many differences talking and discussing to each others, how can they understand each others without being rude to others. But i’m not going to conduct a linguistic research of language use in the internet generally globally, because there has been a lot of research on this subject. But, what becomes my interest is how indonesian people with different social and culturul background talking and disccussing a topic in Kaskus, one of the biggest and largest online forum in Indonesia. Kaskus, with more than two millions users from all over indonesia is a populer online service to discuss and to sell products. Kaskus has an easy  peasy access, has a discussion thread about almost everything like computer, books, entertainment and many more. Kaskus user are from all over indonesia which have different culture and social background, in this case sometimes user doesn’t pay attention to the forum rules, nettiquette and sometimes being sarcastic, i’ve found this several time in kaskus. This case indicating that some of user do not know the nettiquete and language rules used in kaskus forum. So why i’m here try to observe and doing a research on how kaskuser (kaskus user) use the language, what style are used, and what kind of expressions in kaskus forum that is used to show respect, manners, and and self expressions like anger, happy etc. B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM From the title and the background of the study i formulate the research questions as follows : 1. What are the general forum rules applied in kaskus? 2. How far kaskuser pay attention to the forum rules in discussion thread? 3. What are the form of languages style used in kaskus? 4. What are the meaning of those language expressions/style? 5. Who use the language? The gender, the age. C. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This research is aimed to gather information about the language use in kaskus forum, especially how those language are used to express manner and ethical relations between the kaskuser. D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of this research is to bring a data to enrich the linguistic analysis in indonesia especially in computer-mediated communication subject. This research is also will be useful for those who use internet as a communcation tool generally and for kaskuser who love to join discussion in kaskus so they are will never again feel worried about being rude to others, bacause this research will bring them information how to use the language properly and how to communicate ethically to others E. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The research is limited only on the language use, the style and the way kaskuser interact with others, the researcher will not analysis where the language comes from and how the language changed. CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK A. INTERNET Internet, according to Merriam Webster Dictionaries is an electronic communication network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. B. KASKUS Kaskus is an Indonesian internet forum site which claims itself as the largest Indonesian online community. It ranks as the top 10 most popular website in Indonesia (weasel words), positioning at 241 worldwide according to Alexa.com. It was established on November 6, 1999, by three Indonesian students (Andrew Darwis, Ronald Stephanus, and Budi Dharmawan) in the United States. In August 2012, Kaskus has more than 4,000,000 registered accounts and more than 650,000,000 total posts. In August 2005 and September 2006, PC Magazine Indonesia voted Kaskus as The Best Indonesian communities twice (2005 2006). Registration is required for new users to participate in the community, and every registered member has access to more than twenty regional and subject-related sub-forums. The community runs on the vBulletin forum software. C. NETTIQUETE Cyberspace contains many different cultures, which some writers have called virtual communities. Each of these communities has its own rules and customs. But many rules apply throughout almost all of cyberspace and the rules of internet is called nettiquete. Nettiquete comes from word Internet and Etiqutte. Virginia Shea Stated that The word etiquette means the forms required by good breeding or prescribed by authority to be required in social or official life. Etymologically, it comes from the French word for ticket. If you know the etiquette for a particular group or society, you  have a ticket for entry into it. (Virginia Shea,1994) D. COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION 1. Computer mediated communication (CMC) involves exchanges of information in textual, audio, and/or video formats that are transmitted and controlled by the use of computer and telecommunication technology. It must be noted that CMC is the basis of interpersonal interaction via groupware systems. An interesting definition of CMC is given by December (1997): Computer-Mediated Communication is a process of human communication via computers, involving people, situated in particular contexts, engaging in processes to shape media for a variety of purposes. 2. Chrispin Thurlow, laura lengel and Alice Tomic (2004) define Computer Mediated Communication into 3 cores : a. Communication While trying to ground CMC into a proper understanding we have to know what exactly is communication. * Communication is dynamic, One of the most well known ways of thinking about communication is the idea of a sender, a message and a receiver, in computer terms, might be regarded as an ‘information-processing’ perspective. Instead, communication is better understood as a process which is much more dynamic. The meaning of messages does not reside in words, but is much more fluid and dependent on the context, shifting constantly from place to place, from person to person, and from moment to moment. * Communication is transactional, Even though people still sometimes like to think of communication as the exchange of messages between senders and receivers, communication is really about the negotiation of meaning between people. Individuals are both speakers and listeners and these roles switch back and forth all the time in any one conversation. Once again, this also means that communication is constantly changing as two (or more) people interpret each other and are influenced by what the other says. In other words, it’s a transaction between them. Most theorists would agree that communication simply cannot happen outside human social interaction. It is really only when someone recognizes and/or responds to something you say or do that communication can be said to have occurred. * Communication is multifunctional, Consciously or unconsciously, communication serves many different functions and usually  serves more than one function at any given time. For example, communication may be used to influence people’s behavior or attitudes, to inform people, to seek information, to exert control over people, to befriend or seduce people, to entertain and please people, and so on. Although for the sake of analytical convenience, scholars do sometimes distinguish between the interactional (or relationship-focused) and informational (or content-focused) domains of communication, it’s usually impossible to separate the two. Think about famous chat-up lines like ‘Can I buy you a drink?’ or ‘Do you have the time?’ Although both appear to seek information, the intention is clearly relational! * Communication is multimodal, However important it may be, language is of course just one of many ways we have of communicating. Verbal messages always come packaged with other messages (or ‘metamessages’) formed by different ways of making meaning – what are usually called nonverbal modes of communication. In fact, more often than not it is these other modes of communication which are relied on more than the verbal mode. The best example of this is when someone is lying to us: ‘Look me in the eye and tell me you didn’t do it!’ The range of nonverbal codes is vast and accounts for much of the social information we glean: vocal (e.g. tone of voice, accent, volume, pauses), movement (e.g. facial expression, gestures, posture), physical appearance (e.g. height, weight, skin colour), artefacts (e.g. lighting, dà ©cor, fashion), and use of space (e.g. body orientation, touch, distance). b. Mediated Depending on how much we already know about human communication, we will more than likely know that all communication is mediated to some extent or other. According to Chambers’ Twenty-first Century Dictionary, the verb to mediate means to convey or transmit something or to act as a medium for something. In turn, a medium is something by which, or through which, an effect is produced. In other words, mediation is simply the process or means by which something is transmitted – whether it’s a message, a feeling, a sound, or a ghostly apparition! In the case of communication, we’ve already indicated that communication is always channelled by, and dependent on, its context for meaning. Communication is therefore mediated through our interactions with people and by means of any number of different verbal and nonverbal  modes. Communication can never exist in a vacuum.We will probably have heard about the phrase ‘channels of communication’. These can be social (or cultural), psychological (or mental), linguistic (or symbolic) or material (or technical). It’s in this way that scholars usually identify several layers of contextual variables which influence – or mediate – communication. Broadly speaking these fall into three main categories : psychological, e.g. our perceptions, mental maps, and prototypes; social, e.g. our relationships, stereotypes, and individual experiences; cultural, e.g. the myths and ideologies of whole societies of people. c. Computer Having confronted the relative complexity of the terms ‘communication’ and ‘mediated’, it may disappointing to know that even the term computer cannot be taken for granted. Almost everything nowadays involves computers in some way or other, and, consequently, almost everything we do is in some way or other mediated by computers. Think, for example, of the digital technology which drives our telephone exchanges, brings television channels into our homes, tells us the time, and so on. What’s more, with such things as video conferencing, webcams and voice recognition, technological changes are taking us nearer and nearer to the kind of face-to-face (or just FtF) communication we’ve been used to all along. It’s in this way that the computerization, which drives so many areas of our lives, is becoming more and more invisible. Indeed, Pixy Ferris (1997) previously proposed that CMC should also be broad enough to include office automation, â₠¬ ¢ (Chrispin Thurlow, laura lengel and Alice Tomic :2004) CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. RESEARCH APPROACH AND DESIGN The reseacher use qualitative discriptive aproach. Qualitative research refers to inductive, holistic, emic, subjective and process oriented methods used to understand, interpret, describe and develop theory on a phenomenon or a setting and is a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning (Morse Field 1996:199; Burns Grove 1998:35). Brink and Wood (1998:335) cite Benoliel’s (1984) description of qualitative research â€Å"as modes of systematic inquiry concerned with understanding human beings and the nature of their transactions with themselves and with their surroundings†. Leininger (1985:5) defines qualitative research as the methods and techniques of observing, documenting, analysing, and interpreting attributes, patterns, characteristics and meanings of specific, contextual or gestalt features of a phenomenon. B. DATA COLLECTION 1. Data Source The data is mainly taken from discussion thread in kaskus, like discussion thread, results of observations etc. 2. Instrument of Collecting Data * Doing observations * Interview (By Chating and PM or Private Message) * Making a Poll or Voting * Taking screenshot/ image * Questionaire C. DATA ANALYSIS The data will be analyzed using Miles and Huberman Theories where there are 3 Steps in ana lyzing the data : 1. Data Reduction. The data that has been collected from observations, questionaire and interviews are selected and sorted. The data that can represents the theme of the research will be analyzed. 2. Data display The data will be displayed after getting a summarizing. In data display the data that have been reducted then will be compressed, organized without risking the loss of information. 3. Drawing and veryfying conclssion The reasons for reducing and displaying data are to assist in drawing conclussions. While drawing conclussions logically follows reduction and display of data, in fact it takes place more or less concurrently with them. Thus possible conclussions may be noted early in the analysis, but they may be vague and ill-formed at this stage. They are held tentative pending further work, and have been analysed. Conclussions will be in the form of  preposistions, and once they have been drawn, the data need to be verified. D. EXAMPLE OF DATA SAMPLE 1. Red Font Colour 2. The Using of Capital Letters 3. Kaskus emoticon 4. Kaskus Terms Like Agan, Bata, Cendol, Sundul REFERENCES * http://kaskus.co.id * Creswell, J. W. 2003. Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE. Thousand Oaks. USA. * Thurlow, Crispin. Lengel, Laura. Tomic, Alice. 2004 Computer Mediated Communicatio (Social interaction and The Internet). SAGE. Thousand Oaks. USA. * Shea, Virginia. 2004. Netiqutte. Albions Books, USA

Apacolypse Now :: essays research papers

The movie â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, directed by Francis Coppola, is based on Conrad’s novel The Heart of Darkness. The movie has to do with survival, obsession, and finding ones self. The inclination of this paper is to let the reader get a better understanding of how Captain Willard (the main character) goes through survival, obsession, and courage while trying to hunt down Kurtz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captain Willard is on a mission into Cambodia during the Vietnam War to find and kill an insane Colonel Kurtz, as he experiences his journey of horror. In the past, Kurtz was an officer and a sane, successful, brilliant leader. Now he is insane after being corrupted by the horror of war and the cultures he met. People used to look up to him and speak highly of him. Now everyone knows he is just a man who after fighting for his country became a crazed lunatic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captain Willard is constantly trying to survive throughout this mission. He has to float in a boat through Cambodia during the Vietnam War. He runs into some natives along the way and has some encounters with them. For example, the captain of the boat is killed by a spear, which is thrown, by a native. When he reaches the land that Kurtz has taken over, he strives very hard to survive. The fist images that you see are hanging dead bodies over the water, dead bodies along the shoreline. It is an island filled with mass murderers and cold-blooded natives. The natives there are so very much under Kurtz’s power that they are willing to kill Willard in a heartbeat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captain Willard develops an obsession for trying to find Kurtz. It is not only a mission anymore, it is more of something that Willard must do for himself. Willard is stalking Kurtz in the movie, this kind of portrays Coppola stalking himself, raising questions which he feels compelled to answer but cannot. Because of his passion to find and kill Kurtz he becomes a marvelous leader. Everyone aboard listens, and goes to him. They are all risking their lives for Willard to get where he has to go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurtz is another example of leadership. He is obsessed with the power and leadership he has over the natives. You have never seen such stronger leadership over an entire population, as you see in this movie. Kurtz reigns over these people as if he is God.

China Market: Analytical Report Essay

As we will be entering into the business world in China in the upcoming months, we have prepared a report on common business etiquette to be used when dealing with Chinese businesses. There are many ways in which we can unintentionally ruin relationships with China, so it is important to choose your words wisely. The following ideals will help us to present the company in a favorable light, and to avoid jeopardizing any potential relationships with Chinese businesses. According to Williams (n.d.), Before you approach a civilian of china, be prepared to do the proper greeting first. Proper greetings in china are generally a smile, good eye contact, politeness and a proper bow. The deeper the bow is, the more respect the Chinese believe you possess towards your acquaintance. These are considered a means of sincerity in their culture which will allow you to engage in further discussion with the business people you are making business with. Avoid informal greetings like â€Å"Hey, how are you?† instead use a formal greeting like â€Å"How do you do?† or â€Å"Glad to see you† as they seem like improper and disrespectful in their culture. When referring to someone of importance in China, you usually use their professional title rather than a Mr. or Miss. For example, use Chairman Freeman, rather than Mr. Freeman. This is important because it addresses your target with respect and shows that you acknowledge his or her position in the company. (Executive Planet. China n.d.). Typically, before any serious business discussion can happen, casual conversation is encouraged to relate to the person to whom you are writing. Good topics to include are those through which you can relate, such as the  weather, climate, and the geography of China. (Leung, 2008, p.21). Educating yourself on these subjects beforehand is very effective, as it will reflect well to your recipient that you have a good initiative in learning more about Chinese culture. However, there are some subjects to avoid discussing such as the history of China and Taiwan territory. (Executive Planet. China n.d.). Williams (n.d). has stated do not try to mention nor talk about religion in china. Even though China does have some basic religions like Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, they do not worship as much as other countries do such as the USA and Japan. It is important to respect their culture and not engage in a conversation which would include speaking about their religion in any way. If you go out to eat at a restaurant with a possible customer or future employee whom is Chinese, there are some table manners that differ from that of westerners. For instance, a round table is more popular than the basic square table which is known in the western hemisphere. Make sure that the guest of honor is always seated to the right of the host (I.E. the employer or employee). Make sure you seat your guests and invite them to enjoy their meal and sitting the guests next the where the dishes are is disrespectful. Serving soda while on a business meeting is considered disrespectful to your guests. Ensure that you serve something more elegant like tea or distilled water, with the occasional beer and it’s important that you pour all your guests a cup of tea as it is not expected of the guest to pour their own tea.(Williams n.d). When writing the sales letter you should stay away from using colors because they can send a negative message. (Cimasko, 2010). It is important to make sure you keep your sentences short and concise and avoid using slang. It’s important to bring a minimum of at least 20 copies of your sales letter as it shows that you are well prepared. (Executive Planet. China n.d.). When it comes to composing your sales letter, it is more common to take the indirect approach. For example; in the Chinese culture, it’s more respectful  to use the words try or maybe instead of directly saying no. (Cimasko, 2010). Since the Chinese typically do not trust outside information you really must convince them that making business with your company would be in their best interest. Keep in mind not to offend anyone in your letter because embarrassment of a potential business partner would mean loss of that business. (Executive Planet. China n.d.). Recommendation Focus on how the job would be useful in China and avoid using slang or big words that would confuse our potential partners. Don’t make the sales letter too flamboyant or colorful because that might seem disrespectful. Resources De’Edra Williams. China. Retrieved from: http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/china.htm Executive Planet. China. Retrieved from: http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=China Leung, C. (2008). Saving face time. Canadian Business, 81(21), 21-22. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Tony Cimasko. (2010, April 25). Writing for a Chinese Business Audience. Retrieved from: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/676/01/ Harmon, M. M. (2006). Business Research and Chinese Patriotic Poetry: How Competition for Status Distorts the Priority Between Research and Teaching in U.S. Business Schools. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(2), 234-243. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Wilkinson, T. J., Thomas, A. R., & Hawes, J. M. (2009). Managing Relationships With Chinese Joint Venture Partners. Journal of Global Marketing, 22(2), 109-120. doi:10.1080/08911760902765908